莫斯科启动数字跟踪来加强封城措施——有批评人士称其为“网络集中营”
Mary Ilyushina 报道
时间2020年4月14日,15:25

2020年3月30日,星期一,俄罗斯莫斯科,两名警察在空无一人的红场上巡逻,广场中央是圣巴西尔大教堂,旁边是斯巴斯卡亚塔和克里姆林宫墙
莫斯科引进了一种数字跟踪系统来加强为应对新冠病毒的封城措施,但有批评人士表示,这项技术对个人隐私构成了前所未有的威胁。
莫斯科做为俄罗斯的首都,成为了俄国疫情暴发的中心,俄国官方统计全国18,328例,其中11,513例来自莫斯科。莫斯科市长谢尔盖·索比亚宁(Sergey Sobyanin)周五表示:“之前每天病例数约500个,现在每天已经有1300个。”索比亚宁表示,数字跟踪系统是为了应对病例的快速增长所采取的措施。
这里有一个简单的通行码的概念。莫斯科市民和莫斯科地区的长住居民——年满14周岁——如果想出门,必须先下载一个二维码。该二维码可以在政府网站上注册获得或在手机上安装一款应用来获取。通过这个系统,市民可以提前报备出行路线和目的地,之后他们会收到一个二维码,当局可以对其进行查验。
这项措施最初只会针对乘坐公共交通工具的人,但有关部门表示,限制范围会逐步扩大到社区,覆盖到短途出门办事的民众。
警方查验出行人员的二维码时,如果没有或提供虚假信息,会被处以罚款。上班的人员可以获得一张特殊的、无限期通行码,但对于一般个人事务——比如开车去商店或乡间别墅——这些人每周最多只能获得两张通行码,每次有效期为一天。
该通行码系统将在周三正式成为强制要求,但当局已经开始打击没有通行码的人员的出行活动。据俄罗斯官方媒体和目击者称,周一,警方封锁了入城道口,开始对进城人员进行查验。
俄国斯政府正在把新冠病毒疫情做为一系列新技术的试验场——尤其是人工智能和面部识别技术。利用通行码来加强封锁并不是俄罗斯独有的。但虽说巴黎等欧洲城市有纸质版的通行证,但莫斯科的做法与中国大范围内使用二维码进行行踪监测的做法更为相似。
但是反对派活动人士警告说,新系统会让政府对民众的隐私有着前所未有的掌握。
例如,通行码申请网站上提示所有用户都需要在政府电子门户网站上进行注册或将用户现有的其他的个人页面链接到该网站,这里存有用户的交通违章信息、公用事业账单、外国护照等的数据。用户还需要上报他们的来源地和目的地、雇主税务号、车牌号,并要上传身份证。
对该系统投了反对票的当地反对派议员达里亚贝塞迪纳(Daria Besedina)和马克西姆卡茨(Maxim Katz)将其称为“网络古拉格(cyber Gulag)(古拉格,俄国地名,因曾做为集中营而出名,译者注)”和“数字集中营”,并批评当局关于疫情给到公众的信息十分混乱。
卡茨在推特上写道:“一方面你整天告诉人们疫情控制的很好,死亡的都是年长的人,但另一方面你却不提供任何经济支持,那人们就不可能呆在家里。你发多少通行证都没用。”
市政府官员最初放弃了通行证计划,称他们对目前自我隔离的效果感到满意。但是,当新冠病毒病例持续上升时,通行证系统又被重新摆上了桌面。病例上升的原因?莫斯科医生开始根据肺部影像来确诊新冠肺炎患者了,他们说,核酸检测的准确率只有70-80%。
索比亚宁对于上周莫斯科大量人群涌上街头和公园也颇为不满——虽然,隔离是自愿的。为此,当局加强了规定,要求居民只能因事外出——如去附近的商店,或在住所100米以内遛狗,否则将面临罚款。
很明显,地方当局已经在分析数据了。4月10日,也就是索比亚宁宣布追踪系统投入使用的那一天,莫斯科的新冠病毒应急总部的报告显示,在这个1250多万人的城市里,当天有350万人在户外呆了超过六个小时。
俄罗斯科技巨头Yandex建立了一份计算“自我隔离指数”的地图,该地图显示,在过去几天里,莫斯科居民违反自我隔离规定的趋势比上一周更加明显。

莫斯科城的夜晚,一名行人走出地铁
莫斯科新冠病毒中心在一份声明中说:“一个莫斯科家庭平均由2-3人组成,那么350万个人不遵守自我隔离规定,就会对600 – 900万人——包括邻居、朋友、亲戚,构成潜在的感染威胁。”
索比亚宁表示,获取通行码应该不会比在网上购物难。
但实际上,其实施过程中并不顺利。据美国有线电视新闻网的调查显示,其网站曾数次下线,短信代码延迟数小时,呼叫中心线路繁忙等问题频出。市长办公室将出现的这些小故障归咎于“国外精心策划”的多起DDos攻击(“分布式拒绝服务”攻击)。
一些技术专家怀疑当局是否有能力同时处理来自数百万莫斯科人的请求。而倡导保护个人隐私的人士则担心,二维码系统一旦完善,就有可能为将来政府监控市民奠定基础,这种监控并不会随着疫情的结束而终止。
俄罗斯一个审视互联网自由的组织Roskomsovoda称,这种新型工具是“监视竞赛”的一部分,该组织建立了一个“公民权利数字侵犯”地图,用以监视那些可能在新冠病毒疫情过后依然存在的限制。
莫斯科市长办公室表示,他们将在自我隔离期结束后删除所有数据,但有专家担心这个收集了人们完整档案和大量行踪记录的数据库可能会落入坏人之手。
Roskomsvoboda的律师萨尔基斯•达尔宾扬(Sarkis Darbinyan)表示:“疫情一旦结束,这些数据很有可能就会流入黑市,之前就有许多数据库出现过这种情况。这里存在着很大的风险。”
中英对照
Moscow rolls out digital tracking to enforce lockdown. Critics dub it a ‘cyber Gulag’ | 莫斯科启动数字跟踪来加强封城措施——有批评人士称其为“网络集中营” |
By Mary Ilyushina | Mary Ilyushina 报道 |
Updated 0725 GMT (1525 HKT) April 14, 2020 | 时间2020年4月14日,15:25 |
![]() Two police officers patrol an almost empty Red Square, with St. Basil’s Cathedral, center, and Spasskaya Tower and the Kremlin Wall, right, at the time when its usually very crowded in Moscow, Russia, Monday, March 30, 2020. | ![]() 2020年3月30日,星期一,俄罗斯莫斯科,两名警察在空无一人的红场上巡逻,广场中央是圣巴西尔大教堂,旁边是斯巴斯卡亚塔和克里姆林宫墙 |
Moscow (CNN)Moscow has introduced a digital tracking system to enforce a coronavirus lockdown — but critics say the technology represents an unprecedented threat to privacy. | 莫斯科引进了一种数字跟踪系统来加强为应对新冠病毒的封城措施,但有批评人士表示,这项技术对个人隐私构成了前所未有的威胁。 |
The capital is the epicenter of Russia’s coronavirus outbreak, recording 11,513 of the country’s official toll of 18,328 cases of Covid-19. “If previously we had around 500 hospitalizations daily, now we have 1,300,” said Mayor Sergey Sobyanin on Friday. Sobyanin has declared the digital tracking system is a response to Moscow’s rapid spike. | 莫斯科做为俄罗斯的首都,成为了俄国疫情暴发的中心,俄国官方统计全国18,328例,其中11,513例来自莫斯科。莫斯科市长谢尔盖·索比亚宁(Sergey Sobyanin)周五表示:“之前每天病例数约500个,现在每天已经有1300个。”索比亚宁表示,数字跟踪系统是为了应对病例的快速增长所采取的措施。 |
The permit concept is simple in theory. Muscovites and residents of the Moscow region — anybody 14 years old or above — must download a QR code if they want to move around their city. By registering on a government website or downloading an app on their smartphones, citizens can declare a route and purpose in advance; they then receive a QR code that can be checked by the authorities. | 这里有一个简单的通行码的概念。莫斯科市民和莫斯科地区的长住居民——年满14周岁——如果想出门,必须先下载一个二维码。该二维码可以在政府网站上注册获得或在手机上安装一款应用来获取。通过这个系统,市民可以提前报备出行路线和目的地,之后他们会收到一个二维码,当局可以对其进行查验。 |
The measure will initially only apply to people using public transport, but authorities say restrictions will gradually scale up to passes for short trips around neighborhoods. | 这项措施最初只会针对乘坐公共交通工具的人,但有关部门表示,限制范围会逐步扩大到社区,覆盖到短途出门办事的民众。 |
Police will scan these codes and fine people without a permit or if they intentionally provided false information. Those who still go to work can get a special unlimited pass, but for personal matters — such as driving to a store or a dacha (a country house) — residents can only get two passes a week, each valid for one day. | 警方查验出行人员的二维码时,如果没有或提供虚假信息,会被处以罚款。上班的人员可以获得一张特殊的、无限期通行码,但对于一般个人事务——比如开车去商店或乡间别墅——这些人每周最多只能获得两张通行码,每次有效期为一天。 |
Officially, the pass system becomes mandatory on Wednesday, but authorities are already cracking down on unauthorized movement in the city. On Monday, police cordoned off entry points to determine if drivers had a valid reason to be in Moscow, according to state media and witnesses. | 该通行码系统将在周三正式成为强制要求,但当局已经开始打击没有通行码的人员的出行活动。据俄罗斯官方媒体和目击者称,周一,警方封锁了入城道口,开始对进城人员进行查验。 |
The government has already used the coronavirus pandemic as a testing ground for a range of new technologies, particularly the use of artificial intelligence and facial-recognition tools. And using permits to enforce lockdowns is not unique to Russia. While European cities such as Paris have introduced paper-based forms, Moscow’s effort is more similar to China’s use of QR codes for extensive population monitoring. | 俄国斯政府正在把新冠病毒疫情做为一系列新技术的试验场——尤其是人工智能和面部识别技术。利用通行码来加强封锁并不是俄罗斯独有的。但虽说巴黎等欧洲城市有纸质版的通行证,但莫斯科的做法与中国大范围内使用二维码进行行踪监测的做法更为相似。 |
But opposition activists warn the new system will lead to unprecedented government intrusion. | 但是反对派活动人士警告说,新系统会让政府对民众的隐私有着前所未有的掌握。 |
For example, the permit website prompts all users to register at or link their existing page to a government e-portal, which stores user data on traffic fines, utility bills, foreign passports and so on. Users also need to disclose their points of origin and destination, their employer tax identifier, car plate number and upload their IDs. | 例如,通行码申请网站上提示所有用户都需要在政府电子门户网站上进行注册或将用户现有的其他的个人页面链接到该网站,这里存有用户的交通违章信息、公用事业账单、外国护照等的数据。用户还需要上报他们的来源地和目的地、雇主税务号、车牌号,并要上传身份证。 |
Daria Besedina and Maxim Katz, local opposition lawmakers who voted against the system, dubbed it a “cyber Gulag” and “digital concentration camp,” criticizing the authorities for mixed messaging about the coronavirus. | 对该系统投了反对票的当地反对派议员达里亚贝塞迪纳(Daria Besedina)和马克西姆卡茨(Maxim Katz)将其称为“网络古拉格(cyber Gulag)(古拉格,俄国地名,因曾做为集中营而出名,译者注)”和“数字集中营”,并批评当局关于疫情给到公众的信息十分混乱。 |
“If on one side you tell people all day long that the situation is under control and only the elderly die, and on the other side you do not provide any economic support, people will not stay home,” Katz wrote on Twitter. “No matter how many passes you introduce.” | 卡茨在推特上写道:“一方面你整天告诉人们疫情控制的很好,死亡的都是年长的人,但另一方面你却不提供任何经济支持,那人们就不可能呆在家里。你发多少通行证都没用。” |
City officials initially backed off on implementing the permit plan, saying they were happy with the self-isolation rates. But the system was put back on the table when it became evidence that coronavirus infection rates continued to rise. One reason? Moscow doctors began diagnosing Covid-19 in pneumonia patients based on lung scans, saying that the coronovirus tests were only accurate 70-80% of the time. | 市政府官员最初放弃了通行证计划,称他们对目前自我隔离的效果感到满意。但是,当新冠病毒病例持续上升时,通行证系统又被重新摆上了桌面。病例上升的原因?莫斯科医生开始根据肺部影像来确诊新冠肺炎患者了,他们说,核酸检测的准确率只有70-80%。 |
Sobyanin also wasn’t pleased to see Muscovites pouring out into the streets and parks during warm spring weather last week, when the lockdown was voluntary. In response, city authorities tightened the rules, instructing residents only to venture outside to go to a nearby store and to walk a dog within 100 meters of their homes — or risk a fine. | 索比亚宁对于上周莫斯科大量人群涌上街头和公园也颇为不满——虽然,隔离是自愿的。为此,当局加强了规定,要求居民只能因事外出——如去附近的商店,或在住所100米以内遛狗,否则将面临罚款。 |
It’s clear that local authorities are already crunching data. On April 10, the day that Sobyanin announced the tracking system would go live, the city’s coronavirus response headquarters reported 3.5 million people in the city of more than 12.5 million went outside of their homes for more than six hours. Yandex, Russia’s tech giant, created a map calculating “self-isolation index,” which showed that Moscow residents were more relaxed about breaching the self-isolation rules in the past days than a week before. | 很明显,地方当局已经在分析数据了。4月10日,也就是索比亚宁宣布追踪系统投入使用的那一天,莫斯科的新冠病毒应急总部的报告显示,在这个1250多万人的城市里,当天有350万人在户外呆了超过六个小时。 俄罗斯科技巨头Yandex建立了一份计算“自我隔离指数”的地图,该地图显示,在过去几天里,莫斯科居民违反自我隔离规定的趋势比上一周更加明显。 |
![]() A pedestrian exits a subway as night falls in Moscow on April 2 “On average, a Moscow family consists of 2-3 people, which means that 3.5 million citizens who do not abide by self-isolation rules pose a potential threat of infection to 6-9 million of their neighbors, friends, relatives and friends,” the Moscow coronavirus center said in a statement. | ![]() 莫斯科城的夜晚,一名行人走出地铁 莫斯科新冠病毒中心在一份声明中说:“一个莫斯科家庭平均由2-3人组成,那么350万个人不遵守自我隔离规定,就会对600 – 900万人——包括邻居、朋友、亲戚,构成潜在的感染威胁。” |
Sobyanin has said obtaining a pass should not be harder than placing an order online. But in practice, the system has had a rocky start. The registration website went offline several times, text-codes came with hours of delay and call center lines were busy, according to CNN research. The mayor’s office blamed the glitches on multiple DDoS-attacks “orchestrated from abroad.” | 索比亚宁表示,获取通行码应该不会比在网上购物难。 但实际上,其实施过程中并不顺利。据美国有线电视新闻网的调查显示,其网站曾数次下线,短信代码延迟数小时,呼叫中心线路繁忙等问题频出。市长办公室将出现的这些小故障归咎于“国外精心策划”的多起DDos攻击(“分布式拒绝服务”攻击)。 |
Some technical experts have doubted the authorities’ ability to process potentially millions of requests from Muscovites. But once perfected, privacy advocates worry the QR code system could lay the ground for an invasive practice that won’t disappear with the pandemic. | 一些技术专家怀疑当局是否有能力同时处理来自数百万莫斯科人的请求。而倡导保护个人隐私的人士则担心,二维码系统一旦完善,就有可能为将来政府监控市民奠定基础,这种监控并不会随着疫情的结束而终止。 |
Roskomsovoda, a group that monitors internet freedom in Russia, called the new tool part of “a surveillance race” and rolled out a map of “digital civil rights abuses” to monitor restrictions that may stay in place past the coronavirus era. | 俄罗斯一个审视互联网自由的组织Roskomsovoda称,这种新型工具是“监视竞赛”的一部分,该组织建立了一个“公民权利数字侵犯”地图,用以监视那些可能在新冠病毒疫情过后依然存在的限制。 |
The Moscow mayor’s office says it will delete all data after the self-isolation period ends, but experts worry the accumulated database with people’s full profiles and extensive records of their every move could end up in the wrong hands. | 莫斯科市长办公室表示,他们将在自我隔离期结束后删除所有数据,但有专家担心这个收集了人们完整档案和大量行踪记录的数据库可能会落入坏人之手。 |
“There is a high probability that once the epidemic ends this data will start leaking to the [black] market, which happens to many other data bases,” said Sarkis Darbinyan, Roskomsvoboda’s lawyer. “This is very risky.” | Roskomsvoboda的律师萨尔基斯•达尔宾扬(Sarkis Darbinyan)表示:“疫情一旦结束,这些数据很有可能就会流入黑市,之前就有许多数据库出现过这种情况。这里存在着很大的风险。” |